Exploring a Minority Within Minority: A Study on Intersex Individuals in Pakistan's Christian Minority
International Journal on Minority and Group Rights, 2026, 1–32. Brill.
This study employed a qualitative methodology combining participant observation and in-depth interviews to explore the experiences of the Khawajasira community in Islamabad and Rawalpindi, with a focus on violence and social dynamics. Using purposive and snowball sampling, the research gathered data from 15 participants. Findings reveal that while religious expression does not have a direct correlation with the severity of violence, Christian intersex are more vulnerable due to the compounded socio-economic disadvantages and marginalization experienced by the broader Christian community.
Intersex · Transgender · Christian minority · Structural violence
I remember walking into madrassahs, unsure of how I would be received.Hareem Bilal on LinkedIn, on the fieldwork behind the article